18 Interviewing: Preparation, Types, Techniques, and Questions

Sonji Nicholas

Learning Outcomes

  • Describe effective strategies to prepare for an interview

If your résumé and cover letter have served their purposes well, you will be invited to participate in an interview with the company or organization you’re interested in. Congratulations! It’s an exciting time, and your prospects for employment are very strong if you put in the time to be well prepared.

In this section, we look at how to get ready for an interview, what types of interviews you might need to engage in, and what kinds of questions you might be asked.

Preparing Effectively for a Job Interview

Review the Job Description

When you prepare for an interview, your first step will be to carefully read and reread the job posting or job description. This will help you develop a clearer idea of how you meet the skills and attributes the company seeks.

Research the Company or Organization

Researching the company will give you a wider view of what the company is looking for and how well you might fit in. Your prospective employer may ask you what you know about the company. Being prepared to answer this question shows that you took time and effort to prepare for the interview and that you have a genuine interest in the organization. It shows good care and good planning—soft skills you will surely need on the job.

Practice Answering Common Questions

Most interviewees find that practicing the interview in advance with a family member, a friend, or a colleague eases possible nerves during the actual interview. It also creates greater confidence when you walk through the interview door. In the Interview Questions section below, you’ll learn more about specific questions you will likely be asked and corresponding strategies for answering them. It’s also a good idea to have some success stories prepared so you’re ready to describe your qualifications and experience to a prospective employer.

Plan to Dress Appropriately

Interviewees are generally most properly dressed for an interview in business attire, with the goal of looking highly professional in the eyes of the interviewer. Check out this resource from DePaul University on how to dress for success at a job interview. Learn exactly what is meant by business casual.

Come Prepared

Plan to bring your résumé, cover letter, and a list of references to the interview. You may also want to bring a portfolio of representative work. Leave behind coffee, chewing gum, and any other items that could be distractions.

Be Confident

Above all, interviewees should be confident and courageous. By doing so, you make a strong first impression. As the saying goes, “There is never a second chance to make a first impression.”

Three women talking at a conference table

Interview Types and Techniques

Learning Outcomes

  • Explore different types of interview situations and appropriate corresponding interview techniques

Every interview you participate in will be unique: the people you meet with, the interview setting, and the questions you’ll be asked will all be different from interview to interview. The various factors that characterize any given interview can contribute to the sense of adventure and excitement you feel. But it’s also normal to feel a little nervous about what lies ahead. With so many unknowns, how can you plan to nail the interview no matter what comes up?

A good strategy for planning is to anticipate the type of interview you may find yourself in. There are common formats for job interviews, described in detail, below. By knowing a bit more about each type and being aware of techniques that work for each, you can plan to be on your game no matter what form your interview takes.

Screening Interviews

Screening interviews might best be characterized as “weeding-out” interviews. They ordinarily take place over the phone or in another low-stakes environment in which the interviewer has maximum control over the amount of time the interview takes. Screening interviews are generally short because they glean only basic information about you. If you are scheduled to participate in a screening interview, you might safely assume that you have some competition for the job and that the company is using this strategy to whittle down the applicant pool. With this kind of interview, your goal is to win a face-to-face interview. For this first shot, though, prepare well and challenge yourself to shine. Try to stand out from the competition and be sure to follow up with a thank-you note.

Phone or Web Conference Interviews

If you are geographically separated from your prospective employer, you may be invited to participate in a phone interview or online interview instead of meeting face-to-face. Technology, of course, is a good way to bridge distances. The fact that you’re not there in person doesn’t make it any less important to be fully prepared, though. In fact, you may wish to be all the more on your toes to compensate for the distance barrier. Make sure your equipment (phone, computer, Internet connection, etc.) is fully charged and works. If you’re at home for the interview, make sure the environment is quiet and distraction-free. If the meeting is online, make sure your video background is pleasing and neutral, like a wall hanging or even a white wall.

One-on-One Interviews

The majority of job interviews are conducted in this format—just you and a single interviewer—likely with the manager you would report to and work with. The one-on-one format gives you both a chance to see how well you connect and how well your talents, skills, and personalities mesh. You can expect to be asked questions like, “Why would you be good for this job?” and “Tell me about yourself.” Many interviewees prefer the one-on-one format because it allows them to spend in-depth time with the interviewer. Rapport can be built. As always, be very courteous and professional. Have a portfolio handy of your best work.

Panel Interviews

An efficient format for meeting a candidate is a panel interview, in which perhaps four to five coworkers meet at the same time with a single interviewee. The coworkers compose the search committee or search panel, which may consist of different company representatives such as human resources, management, and staff. One advantage of this format for the committee is that meeting together gives them a common experience to reflect on afterward. In a panel interview, listen carefully to questions from each panelist, and try to connect fully with each panelist. Be sure to write down names and titles so you can send individual thank-you notes after the interview.

Serial Interviews

Serial interviews are a combination of one-on-one meetings with a group of interviewers, typically conducted as a series of meetings staggered throughout the day. Ordinarily this type of interview is for higher-level jobs, when it’s important to meet at length with major stakeholders. If your interview process is designed this way, you will need to be ultra prepared as you will be answering many in-depth questions. Stay alert.

Lunch Interviews

In some higher-level positions, candidates are taken to lunch or dinner, especially if this is a second interview (a call back interview). If this is you, count yourself lucky and be on your best behavior because even if the lunch meeting is unstructured and informal, it’s still an official interview. Do not order an alcoholic beverage and use your best table manners. You are not expected to pay or even to offer to pay. But, as always, you must send a thank-you note.

Group Interviews

Group interviews comprise several interviewees and perhaps only one or two interviewers who may make a presentation to the assembled group. This format allows an organization to quickly prescreen candidates. It also gives candidates a chance to quickly learn about the company. As with all interview formats, you are being observed. How do you behave with your group? Do you assume a leadership role? Are you quiet but attentive? What kind of personality is the company looking for? A group interview may reveal these traits.

Try It

 

For a summary of the interview formats we’ve just covered (and a few additional ones), take a look at the following video, Job Interview Guide—10 Different Types of Interviews in Today’s Modern World.

You can view the transcript for “Job Interview Guide – 10 Different Types of Interviews in Today’s Modern World” here (opens in new window).

 

Interview Questions

Learning Outcomes

  • Explore different question types common in interviews

For most job candidates, the burning question is, “What will I be asked?” There’s no way to anticipate every single question that may arise during an interview. It’s possible that, no matter how well prepared you are, you may get a question you just didn’t expect. But that’s okay. Do as much preparation as you can—which will build your confidence—and trust that the answers will come.

To help you reach that point of sureness and confidence, take time to review common interview questions. Think about your answers. Make notes, if that helps, then conduct a practice interview with a friend, a family member, or a colleague. Say your answers out loud. Below is a list of resources that contain common interview questions and good explanations/answers you might want to adopt.

Interview Question Resources
WEBSITE DESCRIPTION
1 100 top job interview questions—be prepared for the interview (from Monster.com) This site provides a comprehensive set of interview questions you might expect to be asked that are categorized as basic interview questions, behavioral questions, salary questions, career development questions, and other kinds. Some of the listed questions provide comprehensive answers too.
2 Interview Questions and Answers (from BigInterview) This site provides text and video answers to the following questions: tell me about yourself, describe your current position, why are you looking for a new job, what are your strengths, what is your greatest weakness, why do you want to work here, where do you see yourself in five years, why should we hire you, and do you have any questions for me.
3 Ten Tough Interview Questions and Ten Great Answers (from CollegeGrad) This site explores some of the most difficult questions you will face in job interviews. The more open-ended the question, the greater the variation among answers. Once you have become practiced in your interviewing skills, you will find that you can use almost any question as a launching pad for a particular topic or compelling story.

Common Questions

Questions to Get to Know You

At the beginning of an interview, interviewers will ask simple questions to put you at ease and get to know you. Your answers to these typee of questions are important to establish your fit into the company culture. You could be asked questions like,

  • “Tell me about yourself.”
  • “What do you think are your greatest strengths?”
  • “What do you like to do in your spare time?”

Questions to Determine Your Level of Interest

These questions are designed to allow the interviewer to gauge your level of interest in the job position and company. Companies want to understand the candidate’s motivation for pursuing the position. Here are some examples of these type of questions:

  • “Why do you want to work for [company name]?”
  • “What do you know about our company?”
  • “How did you find out about the position?”

Questions about Your Experience

As the questions get more specific, the interviewer will try to learn more about the experience and accomplishments listed on your cover letter and resume.

  • “Describe your accomplishments during your last job.”
  • “What is your most memorable experience so far in your career?”
  • “What did you enjoy most in your last position?”

Questions Regarding the Future

When employers try to get candidates to reveal more about themselves, they tend to ask questions regarding the future. This can sometimes throw off a candidate who has not prepared some answers in advance.

  • “Where do you see yourself in five years?”
  • “How do you think you will contribute to this company?”
  • “What would you plan to accomplish if given this position?”

Situational Questions

Companies ask these questions to learn how a candidate thinks. The interviewer will create a hypothetical scenario and ask how the candidate would react to it.

  • “A colleague has told you in confidence that she thinks another employee is stealing. How would you handle that?”
  • “You receive a call from an irate customer complaining about the lack of good customer service with your company. What would you say to that customer?”
  • “A fellow employee is very unhappy with the changes being made to the company. He is being obstructive and unhelpful. How would you handle the situation?”

Behavioral Questions

These questions are aimed at getting the candidate to tell stories and usually begin with “Tell me about a time . . .” or “Describe a time when . . . .” Here are some examples:

  • “Describe a time when you worked in a successful team.”
  • “Tell me when you were faced with a challenge and how you overcame it.”
  • “Give me an example of how you had to use persuasion to accomplish a difficult task.”

Try It

 

Why Should We Hire You

From the Ohio State University Fisher College of Business Career Management Office, here is a video featuring representatives from recruiting companies offering advice for answering the question, “Why should we hire you?” As you watch, make mental notes about how you would answer the question in an interview for a job you really want.

You can view the transcript for “‘Why Should We Hire You?’ How to Answer this Interview Question” here (opens in new window).

In closing, below is the final excerpt from the essay “It’s Like Online Dating” by Jackie Vetrano. The writer compares job hunting—including résumé creation and cover-letter writing—to online dating. In this last section, she concludes with a look at the job interview and compares it to a first date.

It’s Like Online Dating

The First Date—The Job Interview

After what may feel like forever, you hear back from the love of your life. Congratulations! In the online dating world, you may chat about common interests (because you wrote a stunning first message), but in the world of work, you’ll be asked to visit the organization for an interview.

I have been on many first dates, and whether it’s in a coffee shop or over dinner, the first face-to-face meeting is tremendously important. If someone I am meeting for the first time looks like they just came from the gym or rolled out of bed, my impression instantly changes. This same theory can be directly applied to your first date with your future employer. You have worked hard on your cover letter and résumé, and you should not taint the sparkling first impression you have created with the wrong choice in dress.

What you wear to a job interview may change based on the position you have applied for, but there are a set of basic rules that everyone should follow. Similar to meeting someone on a first date for coffee, you want to be comfortable. Some interviews may take place with multiple people in an organization, meaning you will be walking to different locations, sitting down, and potentially sweating from a broken air conditioning unit. Consider these factors when choosing your outfit for your interview, and if you’re concerned about being underdressed, remember to always dress a bit nicer than how you’d dress for the job itself.

There is nothing worse than sitting alone at a coffee shop waiting for a mystery date to show up. It’s uncomfortable and affects my overall first impression of whom I’m about to meet. Avoid making your mystery employer annoyed and waiting for you by leaving at least ten minutes earlier than you need to, just in case you get stuck in traffic. Arrive at least ten minutes early. The interview will start out much better if you are early rather than nervous and running late. Arriving early also gives you the time to have some coffee and review materials you may need for the interview. Coming on time to an interview or a first date shows you respect the time of the person you plan to meet.

On a first date, it is all about communication. Sometimes, there may be silences that cannot be filled or the person I have just met discloses their entire life story to me in less than an hour. If we cannot achieve a proper balance, there will not be a second date. Communicating effectively in a job interview is equally as important, especially if you want a job offer!

All of the rules of dating apply to how you should behave in a job interview. The interviewer will ask you questions, which means that you should look at them and focus on what is being asked. Your phone should be on silent (not even on vibrate), and hidden, to show that you are fully attentive and engaged in the conversation you are having. Much like having a conversation on a date, the answers to your questions should be clear and concise and stay on topic. The stories I tell on my first dates are more personal than what would be disclosed in a job interview, but the mindset is the same. You are building the impression that the organization has of you, so put your best foot forward through the comments you make.

To make that great impression, it is really important to heavily prepare and practice, even before you have an interview scheduled. By brainstorming answers to typical interview questions in a typed document or out loud, later during the interview you will easily remember the examples of your past experiences that demonstrate why you are best for the job. You can continue to update this list as you move through different jobs, finding better examples to each question to accurately describe your hard and soft skills.

This interview is as much a date for your future employer as it is for you. Come prepared with questions that you have about the company, the position, and anything else you are curious about. This is an opportunity for you to show off the research you’ve done on the organization and establish a better understanding of company culture, values, and work ethic. Without knowing these basics of the company or organization, what you thought was a match might only end in a tense breakup.

After your interview is over, you continue to have an opportunity to build on the positive impression that you’ve worked hard to form. Sending a follow up thank you note to each person you interviewed with will show your respect for the time the organization spent with you. These notes can be written and sent by mail or emailed, but either way should have a personal touch, commenting on a topic that was discussed in the interview. While sending a thank you note after a first date may sound a little strange, you might not get asked to a second interview without one!

It’s Official—The Job Offer

In the online dating world, it takes a few dates to determine if two people are a match. In the corporate world, you may have a one or two interviews to build a relationship. If your impression was positive and the organization believes you’re a match for the open position, you’ll be offered a job.

With a job offer also comes the salary for the position. It is important to know what a reasonable salary is for the position and location, which can be answered with a bit of research. One good place to look is the Bureau of Labor Statistics Web site. At this point, it is not uncommon to discuss your salary with your future employer, but be sure to do so in a polite way.

Online dating sites provide the means for millions of people to meet future partners, and the number of people who use online dating is so large that there are sure to be disappointments along the way. I have met people who I thought were compatible with me, but they did not feel the same, and vice versa. This happens frequently while searching for a job, which can be discouraging, but should not hinder you from continuing to search! There are a great number of opportunities, and sometimes all it takes is adjusting your filters or revising your résumé and cover letter. The cliché “there’s plenty of fish in the sea” may be true, but there is definitely a way for each person to start their career off.

—Jackie Vetrano, Foundations of Academic Success: Words of Wisdom

glossary

behavioral interview questions: those that leave you more latitude to tell a story about how you accomplished a task or solved a problem

experience-based interview questions: those keyed to the accomplishments and experience summarized in your cover letter and resume

forward-looking interview questions: those that inquire about your action plan for the future and how it matches the position

getting to know you interview questions: broad “ice-breaker” questions that are not typically focused on details of the position or company

group interview: a format that allows the interviewer to save time and to observe how applicants conduct themselves in a group setting

level of interest interview questions: those meant to gauge your level of investment in the position as well as your motivations for pursuing it

lunch interview: a semi-casual format where the interviewee is invited to a meal but still needs to conduct herself in a professional manner

one-on-one interview: the most common and likely in-depth format, consisting of one interviewer and one interviewee

panel interview: a format where several representatives from different departments within the organization interview the applicant at once

phone or web conference interview: a format aided by communication technology to account for geographical barriers to an in-person meeting

screening interview: a shorter format, often conducted over the phone for the purpose of quickly narrowing down a sizable cohort of applicants

situational interview questions: those that propose a hypothetical workplace scenario to gauge how you would effectively respond

 

 

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Interviewing: Preparation, Types, Techniques, and Questions Copyright © 2023 by Sonji Nicholas is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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